Saturday, August 22, 2009

Mathematics - Matrices (Part 1)

The question:
Write the matrix equation representing the following simultaneous equations and hence solve the equation 5y = 39 - 2x and 11x = 1 + 3y using matrices.


Picture is obtained from http://blog.iseesystems.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/cube-matrix.jpg　

Solution:
(Explanation can be obtained from the Properties of Matrices, presented after the answer).

Rewriting the simultaneous equations,
2x + 5y = 39
11x - 3 y = 1

The simultaneous equations may be represented by the matrix equation








Therefore x = 2, y = 7 (Answer).




Picture is obtained from http://www.philipmantione.com/matrix1.jpg



Properties of Matrices

From: http://www.sosmath.com/matrix/matrix0/matrix0.html - Introduction and Basic Operations (Author: M.A. Khamsi)

Addition of Matrices:
  • Matrices involved in the addition operation must have the same size
  • To add two matrices, add the entries one by one

The following are obtained from Additional Mathematics, 8th Edition, by The Keng Seng, Loh Cheng Yee, Consultant: Dr. Yeap Ban Har, Shinglee Publishers Pte Ltd, Chapter 8 - “Matrix and its Applications”, Page 215 to 229.

Multiplication of Matrices:
  • A matrix of the order m x n multiplied by a matrix of order n x p will result in a matrix of order m x p.

Given that


The order of matrix A is 1 x 2 (1 row by 2 columns), of matrix B is 2 x 1 and of matrix C is 2 x 2.
For the matrix product AB to exist, the number of columns of matrix A must be equal to the number of rows of matrix B. The order of AB will be given by the number of rows of A and the number of columns of B.




















The Inverse Matrix
In the real number system, there exists an additive identity, 0, such that a + 0 = 0 + a = a.
For matrix there also exists an additive identity which is the null matrix, 0, such that A + 0 = 0 + A = A.
A Null matrix is a matrix in which all the elements are equal to 0.



considering only 2 x 2 matrices, we have:



In the real number system, there exists an multiplicative identity, 1, such that a x 1 = 1 x a = a.

Similarly there exists for matrices, the multiplicative identity, I, such that AI = IA = A.

In the number system, for every number a, there is an additive inverse, -a, such that a + (-a) = 0;
and a multiplicative inverse,




is the additive inverse as



The additive inverse of a matrix can be found easily.


The multiplicative inverses of matrices are the following.


In general, if A and B are two matrices and AB = BA = I, then B is said to be the inverse of A, denoted by and A is said to be the inverse of B, denoted by

When the inverse of a matrix is mentioned, it generally refers to its multiplicative inverse.

If A is the inverse of B, then the order of A and B are the same, eg. 2 x 2.



where the difference of the product of the elements on the leading diagonal and the product of the elements of the other diagonal is 2.
Pre-multiplying A by B, i.e. BA,


Post-multiplying A by B, i.e. AB, we have,


The difference of the products of the elements in the leading diagonal and the other diagonal in A is 2, and the product AB is twice the unit matrix.




General Cases:
Consider the general 2 x 2 matrix


Using the multiplicative inverse matrix rule above, let




In general,


The expression ad - bc is known as the determinant of the matrix A and is denoted by
If det A = 0, then the inverse of A is not defined because

is not defined.

In such a case, A does not have an inverse.
Where a matrix does not possess an inverse, it is known as a singular matrix.


References
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