Sunday, May 30, 2021

Women in Singapore less satisfied with their marriages during and after circuit breaker: Study

Source Website: https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/women-in-singapore-less-satisfied-with-their-marriages-during-covid-19-pandemic-study
By Theresa Tan, Senior Social Affairs Correspondent, The Straits Times, 26 May 2021 at 03:19 pm SGT

The researchers say it could be because they had to take on more than their fair share of housework, among other stressors.
PHOTO: The researchers say it could be because they had to take on more than their fair share of housework, among other stressors.
PHOTO: ISTOCKPHOTO
Picture posted by Theresa Tan, Senior Social Affairs Correspondent, The Straits Times on 26 May 2021 at 03:19 pm SGT
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https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/women-in-singapore-less-satisfied-with-their-marriages-during-covid-19-pandemic-study


SINGAPORE - Women were less satisfied with their marriages during and after the circuit breaker, a study has found.

The researchers say it could be because women had to take on more than their fair share of housework, among other stressors the Covid-19 pandemic has brought to daily life.

The study had examined the roles men and women played in terms of childcare and housework during the pandemic last year, and the difference in the time men and women spent on such tasks.

For the study, Dr Tan Poh Lin, an assistant professor at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore, and her co-authors polled 290 married women who have at least one child each.

The study had examined the roles men and women played in terms of childcare and housework during the pandemic last year, and the difference in the time men and women spent on such tasks.
PHOTO: The study had examined the roles men and women played in terms of childcare and housework during the pandemic last year, and the difference in the time men and women spent on such tasks.
Women were less satisfied with their marriages during and after the circuit breaker, a study has found.
Picture posted by Ally Villar, Yahoo! on Thursday, 27 May 2021 at 4:43 pm - being unhappy in a marriage
https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh34osMEGBnEsmjRoiDLwJ4jH6fPTIICoyRs9mgDJMzYS_cIfd23hLRSqpTX7DAZmtq4NyKQGrM4DlSrrj2sz-A4pWj2hrPpYmLB3lfOd1L-Z-JXK9Gz6vtASKuvZ0GqRs9rz81yhfcK-8/s670/058b3a1e6644d6a5bfecbf95882184ae.png
https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/4sZL9vD4OAcvwhcl4bcXOg--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTk2MDtoPTYzNy42MTE5NDAyOTg1MDc0O2NmPXdlYnA-/https://s.yimg.com/uu/api/res/1.2/BfwLUKmIo7x0Df1PKaaxZA--~B/aD00NDU7dz02NzA7YXBwaWQ9eXRhY2h5b24-/https://media.zenfs.com/en/theasianparent_sg_5/058b3a1e6644d6a5bfecbf95882184ae
https://sg.style.yahoo.com/women-singapore-less-satisfied-marriages-084303028.html


The women were part of a larger group of 660 married women Dr Tan has been interviewing since 2018 on various aspects of their married life, including sexual frequency and when they had babies.

The other authors are Dr Emma Zang, an assistant professor at Yale University; Mr Thomas Lyttelton, a Yale PhD student; and Ms Anna Guo, a master's student at Yale.

In the study, which was presented virtually at the Population Association of America's annual conference in May, the researchers found that about 5 per cent of parents had lost their jobs amid the pandemic.

For those who kept their jobs, 30 per cent of mothers and 40 per cent of fathers saw their incomes shrink.

The study found that the mothers' marital and life satisfaction fell significantly during and after the circuit breaker, which was from April 7 to June 1 last year, when all non-essential activities ground to a halt and many Singaporeans worked from home.


The study found that the mothers' marital and life satisfaction fell significantly during and after the circuit breaker, which was from April 7 to June 1 last year, when all non-essential activities ground to a halt and many Singaporeans worked from home.
PHOTO: The study found that the mothers' marital and life satisfaction fell significantly during and after the circuit breaker, which was from April 7 to June 1 last year, when all non-essential activities ground to a halt and many Singaporeans worked from home.
Picture posted by Gillian Vann, austock photo, Gold Coast on  07 April 2018
https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLEKKOJ25zMkx7N1Tw9WXmm4ziIhR6eMJ5lBq-bzdNqlv9wZbV4DaKsB_2i048l1tJvDnRArHnbvhm5ZzCbsyQxmPbQRCetixeo8gIk5IVsDMsbiH52cwJL0Is_ussnnGgbBieQwXH14A/s1000/000072145.jpg
https://www.austockphoto.com.au/imgcache/uploads/photos/compressed/portrait-of-beautiful-asian-woman-sitting-on-park-bench-austockphoto-000072145.jpg?v=1.3.0
https://www.austockphoto.com.au/image/portrait-of-beautiful-asian-woman-sitting-on-park-R4Ln0


The study found that before the pandemic, the mothers' mean marital satisfaction score was 3.9 on a five-point scale, with five being very satisfied. It fell to 3.6 during and after the circuit breaker.

Dr Tan said one reason for the slide could be that the women had to shoulder more housework.

But conflicts arising from work-from-home arrangements and tensions as a result of the uncertainty brought about by the pandemic could have also contributed to the fall in satisfaction.


The study found that before the pandemic, the mothers' mean marital satisfaction score was 3.9 on a five-point scale, with five being very satisfied. It fell to 3.6 during and after the circuit breaker.
PHOTO: The study found that before the pandemic, the mothers' mean marital satisfaction score was 3.9 on a five-point scale, with five being very satisfied. It fell to 3.6 during and after the circuit breaker.
Conflicts arising from work-from-home arrangements and tensions as a result of the uncertainty brought about by the pandemic could have also contributed to the fall in satisfaction.
Picture posted by Gillian Vann, austock photo, Gold Coast on  07 April 2018
https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgywGK7u8Qm5KvRwMCoPnFsBGdbILPxg5OCoYmEm-tsNpO3qx34vvFLoeXl0kANer-UTjTPBXpysjUlbRxHCU-DL-5P429mgRbjr-8R5Ib-odDgZ6aNIf9UdtnJIaMNlzlb9VsTvGrr3sg/s1000/000072136_1.png
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https://www.austockphoto.com.au/image/portrait-of-beautiful-young-asian-woman-G4vUa


The gender gap in terms of housework rose during the circuit breaker and persisted for all families, regardless of their income, the authors said.

Before the circuit breaker, women spent an average of 68 minutes a day on household chores, while men spent 43 minutes a day.

This rose to 112 minutes during the circuit breaker and 108 minutes after the period for women. For men, it rose to 63 minutes during the circuit breaker and 66 minutes after the period.

Dr Tan said: "As people spent more time at home during and after the circuit breaker, the amount of housework that had to be done increased.

"This created an increase in the gender gap as women did most of this extra housework, largely because housework is generally considered 'women's work'."


Dr Tan said: 'As people spent more time at home during and after the circuit breaker, the amount of housework that had to be done increased. This created an increase in the gender gap as women did most of this extra housework, largely because housework is generally considered 'women's work'.'
PHOTO: Dr Tan said: "As people spent more time at home during and after the circuit breaker, the amount of housework that had to be done increased. This created an increase in the gender gap as women did most of this extra housework, largely because housework is generally considered 'women's work'."
Picture posted by He Xiangu on 02 December 2017 - Han Ga Eun 한가은
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https://i2.kknews.cc/SIG=3v06eep/47200004o2o02pqs3113.jpg
https://kknews.cc/zh-sg/news/krb6ykq.html


For families where at least one spouse earns ＄4,000 or more, the gender gap on childcare narrowed during and after the circuit breaker.

The difference in time spent shrank from 125 minutes before the pandemic to 108 minutes during the circuit breaker and 79 minutes after the period.

Dr Tan said: "By contrast, even though childcare is also most commonly done by women, men are generally more willing to help out as it may be more rewarding and meaningful."

Dr Tan said the study is not representative of Singapore's population of married women, but it is still noteworthy.


For families where at least one spouse earns $4,000 or more, the gender gap on childcare narrowed during and after the circuit breaker.
PHOTO: For families where at least one spouse earns $4,000 or more, the gender gap on childcare narrowed during and after the circuit breaker. Dr Tan said: "By contrast, even though childcare is also most commonly done by women, men are generally more willing to help out as it may be more rewarding and meaningful."
Picture posted by He Xiangu on 02 December 2017 - Han Ga Eun 한가은
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https://i2.kknews.cc/SIG=1s335r5/472100030s4r9s0841p3.jpg
https://kknews.cc/zh-sg/news/krb6ykq.html


This is because it tracks the same set of respondents before, during and after the circuit breaker, whereas most other studies do not.

However, there is a caveat - Dr Tan said the men were not interviewed, due to budgetary constraints, and data on how they spent their time and other variables were collected from their wives.

She added: "As the Government continues to encourage employers to offer flexible work arrangements and fathers to contribute more to child rearing, it is important to take note that the widespread shift to telecommuting coincided with a disproportionate rise in housework burdens on women."

Sociologist Tan Ern Ser said the gender gap when it comes to housework could be due to the gender roles men are socialised into playing from childhood.

However, there has been a significant shift towards gender equality as Singapore society becomes more affluent and modernised.


Sociologist Tan Ern Ser said the gender gap when it comes to housework could be due to the gender roles men are socialised into playing from childhood.
PHOTO: Sociologist Tan Ern Ser said the gender gap when it comes to housework could be due to the gender roles men are socialised into playing from childhood.
However, there has been a significant shift towards gender equality as Singapore society becomes more affluent and modernised.
Picture posted by jorahtheandal2015 on 02 February 2017
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https://images-wixmp-ed30a86b8c4ca887773594c2.wixmp.com/f/90b129df-ad3e-40a0-a26b-b3e0c6b70220/daxh13x-a8c8940c-2dd1-4d18-9bc5-876fe142b822.jpg/v1/fill/w_600,h_801,q_75,strp/barefoot_in_the_city__08_by_jorahtheandal2015_daxh13x-fullview.jpg?token=eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.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.mnC-H26ZNBvZKtlsGhGvtFNGb0Mf4icy8LX2DF1G6o0
https://www.deviantart.com/jorahtheandal2015/art/Barefoot-in-the-city-08-660883677


Associate Professor Tan said: "In this whole debate on housework, we need to consider a range of factors, and not just who is doing more or less. Couples do need to make rational decisions on how best to respond to their family circumstances. The outcome may look unequal, but it could be the decisions of an egalitarian couple.

"This is not to let men who don't see housework as part of their joint responsibilities as a couple off the hook, but neither should we be too quick to judge just by looking at the housework gap."

Ms Shailey Hingorani, head of research and advocacy at the Association of Women for Action and Research, said the increase in unpaid labour for women during the pandemic has taken a huge toll on women's mental and physical health and employment status, among other things.


Ms Shailey Hingorani, head of research and advocacy at the Association of Women for Action and Research, said the increase in unpaid labour for women during the pandemic has taken a huge toll on women's mental and physical health and employment status, among other things.
PHOTO: Ms Shailey Hingorani, head of research and advocacy at the Association of Women for Action and Research, said the increase in unpaid labour for women during the pandemic has taken a huge toll on women's mental and physical health and employment status, among other things.
Picture posted by IMDb -  The Woman in White (1948)
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https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0040974/mediaindex?ref_=tt_mv_close


She added: "The finding that women's marital and life satisfaction has dipped does not bode well for these women's spouses, children and other family members.

"Unhappy women are not likely to want to stay in their marriages and have children."


Unhappy women are not likely to want to stay in their marriages and have children.
By Theresa Tan, Senior Social Affairs Correspondent, The Straits Times, 26 May 2021 at 03:19 pm SGT
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Reference
[1] Theresa Tan, Senior Social Affairs Correspondent, The Straits Times, Women in Singapore less satisfied with their marriages during and after circuit breaker: Study, posted on 26 May 2021 at 03:19 pm SGT, https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/women-in-singapore-less-satisfied-with-their-marriages-during-covid-19-pandemic-study


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